Contents
Chapter Page Introduction: The Basis of Strategy 1 The Grand Alliance 1 The "Europe First" Decision 9 The Search for a Strategic Plan: 1941-42 10 I. Casablanca--Beginning of an Era: January 1943 18 The War Against Germany 18 The War Against Japan 30 The "Unconditional Surrender" Announcement 37 Casablanca in Retrospect 38 II. Advance in the Mediterranean: January-May 1943 43 Critical Shortages and the Battle of the Atlantic 43 Windup of the African Campaign 50 Rearming the French 54 Commitments to the Middle East 58 Command Changes: USAFIME, NATO, and ETO 60 The Problem of the Neutrals: Spain and Turkey 63 III. The Search for a Formula 68 Role of Airpower 70 Limiting the Mediterranean Advance 72 IV. Mounting Pressures in the Pacific and Far East: January-May 1943 77 Stalemate in Burma 78 The Three Demands 82 The Clash of Personalities 84 Victory Through Airpower? 87 Planning for Pacific Operations 88 System of Command of Joint Operations 102 V. The New Look in Strategic Planning 106 Reorienting Staff Planning 106 Strategy and the Manpower Problem 111 Preparatons and Rehearsal for TRIDENT 120 VI. The TRIDENT Conference--New Pattern: May 1943 126 Cross-Channel and Mediterranean Operations 126 The Pacific and the Far East 135 The Balance Sheet 143 VII. From HUSKY to AVALANCHE: May-Mid-August 1943 146 Launching HUKSY Planning Post-HUKSY Operations VIII. Crossroads in the European War 162 Search for the Formula Continued 162 Strategy, Production, and Manpower 179 IX. Current Plans and Future Operations in the War Against Japan: June-August 1943 185 Launching the Central Pacific Thrust 185 The SWPA Approach to the Philippines 193 Anticlimax at Kiska 195 The Assam Bottleneck 196 Air Operations and Command Problems in the CBI 198 Origins of the Southeast Asia Command 201 Sino-British Attitudes and Policies 203 Planning the Over-all War Against Japan 205 X. QUADRANT--Shaping the Patterns: August 1943 211 Staff Planning and the President's Position 211 The Conferees Assemble 217 Debating the Issues in the War Against German 220 Discussion on the War Against Japan 230 Emerging Strategic Patterns 240 XI. "The Mediterranean Again:" August-November 1943 244 Invasion of Italy 245 Rome Versus Rhodes 249 The Balkans and Turkey 259 Mediterranean Build-up Versus OVERLORD 262 XII. Strategy and Command in the War Against Germany 270 The Problem of Command Organization The Problem of Selecting a Supreme Commander for OVERLORD XIII. British-American Plans and Soviet Expectations: August-November 1943 280 The USSR in British-American Planning 281 Establishment of the U.S. Military Mission to the USSR 289 The Moscow Conference 291 "Fish or Cut Bait" 303 XIV. Strategic Strands in the War Against Japan: August-November 1943 307 The Quest for Short Cuts 308 The Progress of Pacifc Operations 312 Shipping, Deployment, and Rotation 317 Build-up in Burma 321 New Techniques and Weapons in the War Against Japan 326 XV. Final Rehearsals En Route to Cairo 334 The JCS Re-examine Plans Against Japan 335 The President Reviews the Issues 338 XVI. Cairo-Tehran--A Goal is Reached; November-December 1943 347 Opening Skirmish at Cairo: 22-26 November Climax at Tehran: 28 November-1 December Mop-up at Cairo: 3-7 December Staff Planning and the Significance of SEXTANT XVII. Strategic Inventory: December 1943 388 Growth of the U.S. Army: 1943 Expansion of the Army Overseas The Tally Sheet XVIII. Concentraton for the Big Blow: January-May 1944 402 Preparations for OVERLORD 403 OVERLORD Planning and Mediterranean Options 412 OVERLORD and the Unconditional Surrender Formula 428 XIX. The Second Front and the Secondary War--The CBI: January-May 1944 433 The Consequences of SEXTANT 433 The Fate of SEAC 437 The Mounting of the B-29 Offensive 442 The Battle of the Air Transports 447 The Decline of the CBI 449 XX. The Second Front and the Secondary War--The Pacific: January-May 1944 451 The American Preserve 451 Options in the Pacific 453 End of a Mission 459 Of Troops and Transports 461 Eve of OVERLORD 464 XXI. The Promise of Military Victory: D-Day to September 1944 466 ANVIL:--The Last Rounds 466 CBI--The Asiatic Holding Theater 475 Target--Philippines 479 Strangulation or Invasion? 487 XXII. Political Shadows 490 The Anglo-American Coalition 490 The Soviet Ally 497 The French Problem 501 Relations With Other Nations 504 XXIII. OCTAGON--End of an Era 508 The Second Quebec Conference 508 Expansion and Distribution of U.S. Military Power 518 The Staatus of Strategy 521 Epilogue 532 Completing the Strategic Patterns 532 The Challenges of Victory and Peace 538 Appendix page A. Staff Summary of Current and Projected Deployment of American Versus British Forces, Prepared for the Cairo Conference 541 B. SEXTANT and the Postwar Political Balance in Asia--A Reflection 544 C. Principals at the International Conferences--January 1943-September 1944 546 D. Shipment of Divisions Overseas--January 1942-September 1944 550 E. Deployment to Principal Theaters--31 December 1942-30 September 1944 555 Bibliographical Note and Guide to Footnotes 556 Glossary of Abbreviations and Code Names Index 575 Tables
1 Tentative Schedule for Operations Against Japan, 1943-44 207 2 Planning Schedule of Operations, 1944 377 3 Planners' Deployment Estimates of March 1943 and Actual Deployment of Forces 31 December 1943 391 4 Army Overseas Deployment: 31 December 1942--31 December 1943 392 5 U.S. Overseas Deployment: 31 December 1943 398 Map
1 Asia and Adjacent Areas Illustrations
1 The Anfa Hotel on the Outskirts of Casablanca 19 2 British and American Leaders at Casablanca 22 3 Generals Henri Giraud and Charles de Gaulle 38 4 High-Ranking Trio in New Delhi 80 5 The Federal Reserve Building, Washington, D.C. 127 6 General Dwight D. Eisenhower and General Marshall 154 7 Lt. Gen. John E. Hull 165 8 Châeau Frontenac, Overlooking the St. Lawrence River 218 9 Top Military Planners at Quebec 219 10 Members of U.S. and British Staffs, Queb, 23 August 1943 222 11 Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson and General Marshall 231 12 General Arnold With Lord Louis Mountbatten 237 13 Roosevelt's Concept of Postwar Occupation Zones for Germany 341 14 Aboard the President's Plane 345 15 Mena House, Cairo 348 16 The Pyramids 349 17 Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek and Madame Chiang 351 18 The Big Three in Portico of the Soviet Legation, Tehran 358 19 The Combined Staffs Meeting in Mena House, 4 December 1943 368 20 Ismet Inonu, the President of Turkey 379 21 Supreme Commander, Allied Expeditionary Force 405 22 General Marshall With General Douglas MacArthur 454 23 Visitors at Normandy Beachhead, 12 June 1944 468 24 President Roosevelt During Pearl Harbor Conference 483 25 Guard of Honor on Review at The Citadel 509 26 Members of Joint Planning Staff at OCTAGON 517 All pictures in this volume are from Department of Defense files.
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